Knowledge and Class sees itself as a central work of “new Marxian political economy” using the central concept of “overdetermination” against essentialism and determinism in orthodox “classical” Marxist political economy. For the authors, both humanism and empiricism are seen as essentialist. The general epistemological pluralist conception of truth is a foundation stone for analysising class structure of societies. Class is constistuted at multiple levels and can no longer be regarded in a “dualist” and reductionist manner. Much indebptedness is expressed for the work of Louis Althusser for providing the framework wherein post-modernism and post modern Marxism can intersect. Witness in Callari & Ruccio (1994) the constructed reading of Althusser in pluralist; anti-positivist and essentialist manner. So central is the usage of overdetermination that they almost attribute to Althusser as having already dealt with the modernist/postmodernist debate, alkbeit not in the terms as expressed.